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These are the most often used ones, though available issue-types will differ per project.
The easiest way to look at issues is on a team board, but it's also possible to Search or use Dashboards.
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To search, choose "Issues" in the top menu, and then "Search for issues":
The basic search allows you to choose values, filtering down until you see the data you want. If you want to add more criteria, click the "more" button and add a field to filter on.
By saving the search, you create a Filter that can be used as basis for a Team Board or Dashboard.
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The "advanced" search allows more features, but requires understanding of simple queries. Jira offers search help to build these queries.
You can choose which details are shown about the results, by choosing the Columns that should be displayed.
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It's possible to select multiple Quick Filters, narrowing your selection of items on the board further and further.
Your team board admin can maintain Quick Filters for you: change them, or add new ones.
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